1. Occupational Health Hazards in the Cardiac Catheterization Lab
Journal of Surgery and Cardiovascular Interventions, March 2025
A survey of cath lab staff found 66% reported musculoskeletal pain and 60% directly attributed it to wearing lead aprons.

2. Radiation protection: safety measures and knowledge among interventional practitioners
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, April–May 2025
Among 100 UK interventional radiologists, 80% reported work-related pain linked to heavy lead aprons. Trainees reported 90% back pain and 40% neck pain.

3. Relationship between Wearing a Lead Apron and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Acta Medica Okayama, October 2022
In a survey of 123 Japanese radiologic technologists, 54.5% reported musculoskeletal disorders. Those frequently wearing aprons were nearly 8 times more likely to experience injury.

4. The association between musculoskeletal disorders and lead apron use in healthcare workers
Safety Science, January 2025
A recent meta-analysis confirmed a strong correlation between wearing lead aprons and increased risk of musculoskeletal pain, especially in the back, neck, and shoulders.